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Ecommerce operations glossary

Plain definitions of the terms that appear in store operations, each with the calculation, a worked example and the mistake people make.

Operations vocabulary is mostly borrowed from warehousing and supply chain, where the terms have precise meanings and rather more infrastructure behind them than a six-person store has. That gap is where the confusion lives: the word is used correctly, and it means something the person using it cannot actually do.

Each entry gives the definition first, in one paragraph, then the calculation where there is one, then a worked example. The worked examples use invented numbers chosen to make the arithmetic clear. They are illustrations, not findings, and nothing here should be quoted as research.

Stock and demand

What is a reorder point?

The stock level at which you place the next order, derived from how fast it sells and how long it takes to arrive.

What is safety stock?

The buffer you hold for the times demand runs hot or the delivery runs late.

What is days of cover?

How many days your current stock will last at the rate it is actually selling.

What is sell-through rate?

The share of the stock you received that you actually sold in a given period.

Fulfilment and supply

What is lead time in ecommerce?

The elapsed time from deciding to order to the stock being sellable, which is longer than any supplier quotes.

What is a 3PL?

A third-party logistics provider: a company that holds your stock and ships your orders for you.

What is a cycle count?

Counting a few stock lines regularly rather than counting everything twice a year.

What is shrinkage?

The gap between the stock your records say you have and the stock actually there.

Process and team

What is an SLA?

A written commitment to do something within a stated time, with a consequence if you do not.

What is a RACI matrix?

A way of writing down who does the work, who owns the outcome, who gets asked and who gets told.

What is an escalation path?

The written route a problem takes when the person who found it cannot resolve it alone.

What is an SOP?

A written procedure for a task that recurs, short enough that somebody actually opens it.